What an F Endorsement Lets You Drive

An F endorsement on your commercial driver's license allows you to operate a bus or motorcoach that carries 16 or more passengers, including the driver. Without this endorsement, you cannot legally drive a passenger bus for hire, even if you already hold a CDL. The F endorsement is separate from your base CDL class and requires its own testing and background clearance.

States issue the F endorsement only after you pass a written knowledge test and a skills test specific to passenger vehicle operation. The endorsement appears on your CDL card alongside any other endorsements you hold (such as H for hazmat or T for double/triple trailers). You keep your base class — A, B, or C — and add the F on top of it.

Key Takeaways

  • You must hold a valid CDL in your state before you can test for an F endorsement; you cannot get an F endorsement without a base CDL first.
  • The written test covers passenger safety, emergency procedures, and vehicle inspection specific to buses, and you must pass it before scheduling the skills test.
  • The skills test includes a pre-trip inspection of a bus, a basic control test, and a road test in an actual passenger vehicle.
  • Most states require a medical certificate and a background check that includes a review of your driving record and criminal history before you can be issued the endorsement.
  • Processing time varies by state but typically takes two to four weeks from the date you pass both tests.

Prerequisites: What You Need Before Testing

You must already hold a valid CDL in your state. If you do not yet have a CDL, you will need to obtain your base class first by passing the written and skills tests for that class. Once your CDL is issued and in your hands, you can then explore for the F endorsement.

Your state's DMV or equivalent licensing authority will require a current medical certificate issued by a certified medical examiner. This certificate confirms you meet federal health standards for operating a commercial vehicle. You will need to bring this certificate when you explore for the F endorsement. Some states allow you to use the same medical certificate you obtained for your base CDL; others require a fresh one. Contact your state's licensing office to confirm what they accept.

You will also need a clean background check. States review your driving record for violations, accidents, and suspensions, and many conduct a criminal background check as well. If you have serious traffic violations or certain criminal convictions, you may be denied the endorsement. Your state's licensing office can tell you whether your record disqualifies you before you pay any fees.

The Written Test for Passenger Vehicle Operation

The F endorsement written test covers knowledge specific to operating buses and motorcoaches. The test typically includes 20 to 30 questions and covers topics such as passenger safety procedures, emergency equipment, vehicle inspection, and how to handle common passenger situations. You must usually score at least 80 percent to pass.

The test focuses on practical safety knowledge rather than general driving rules. You will encounter questions about where emergency exits are located, how to conduct a pre-trip inspection of a bus, what to do if a passenger becomes ill or disruptive, and how to evacuate passengers in an emergency. Study materials are available from your state's DMV website, and many states provide a free study guide or sample questions online.

You can take the written test at your local DMV office or at an approved testing location. Most states allow you to take it on the same day you explore for the endorsement, though some require you to schedule it in advance. Once you pass, you will receive a passing score document that you will need when you schedule your skills test.

The Skills Test: Pre-Trip Inspection, Control, and Road Test

The skills test has three parts, all conducted in or with an actual bus or motorcoach. You cannot use a simulator or a regular vehicle; your state requires you to demonstrate your ability in a real passenger vehicle. The test typically takes 60 to 90 minutes and is administered by a state-certified examiner.

The pre-trip inspection portion requires you to walk around and inspect the bus, pointing out safety-critical components and explaining what you are checking. You must identify items such as mirrors, lights, tires, brakes, emergency exits, and passenger seating. The examiner will ask you questions about what you are looking for and why it matters. This part tests whether you can spot mechanical problems that could endanger passengers.

The basic control test takes place in a closed course or parking lot. You will be asked to perform maneuvers such as backing up in a straight line, turning in a confined space, and parking. These exercises test your ability to handle a large vehicle safely in tight quarters, which is essential for navigating bus terminals, narrow streets, and parking areas.

The road test

How to Register for the F Endorsement Test

Visit your state's DMV website or call the licensing office to find out the current process process. Some states allow you to explore online; others require you to visit an office in person. You will need to provide your CDL number, proof of your medical certificate, and payment for the endorsement fee. Fees vary by state but typically range from $15 to $50.

When you explore, ask whether you can take the written and skills tests on the same day or whether you must schedule them separately. Some states allow back-to-back testing; others space them out. Also confirm what documents you need to bring on test day — usually your CDL, medical certificate, and a form of identification.

If your state requires you to use a specific bus or testing facility, the DMV office will tell you where to go and may help you arrange access to a vehicle. Some states partner with driving schools or bus companies that provide vehicles for testing. If you are unsure, ask your DMV whether they can recommend a testing location near you.

What Happens After You Pass Both Tests

Once you pass the written test and the skills test, the examiner will provide you with a passing certificate or documentation. You will take this to your state's DMV office along with your CDL and any other required documents. The office will process your endorsement and issue you a new CDL card with the F endorsement printed on it.

Processing time varies by state. Most states issue the new card within two to four weeks. Some offer expedited processing for an additional fee. During the waiting period, you may be issued a temporary document or receipt that shows you have passed the tests; check with your state about whether this temporary document allows you to drive a passenger bus while your new card is being printed.

Once your new CDL arrives in the mail, the F endorsement is active when ready. You can legally operate a bus or motorcoach carrying 16 or more passengers. Keep your CDL with you whenever you drive a passenger vehicle, just as you would for any other commercial driving.

Renewing or Updating Your F Endorsement

Your F endorsement is tied to your CDL and renews on the same schedule. When your CDL expires, you will renew the entire license, including the F endorsement. Renewal typically requires passing the written test again, though some states waive the skills test if you have a clean driving record and no violations since your last endorsement was issued.

If you move to a different state, you will need to transfer your CDL to that state's licensing system. The new state may require you to pass the F endorsement tests again, or it may recognize your endorsement from your previous state. Contact your new state's DMV to find out what is required before you move.

If your CDL is suspended or revoked, your F endorsement is also suspended or revoked. You cannot operate a passenger bus during any period when your CDL is not valid. Once your CDL is reinstated, you can resume driving with your F endorsement.

Frequently Asked Questions

Do I need a passenger endorsement if I drive a school bus?

No. School buses are governed by different rules and require a different endorsement called the S endorsement, not the F endorsement. The F endorsement is for buses operated for hire by private companies, charter services, or public transit agencies. If you drive a school bus, you will need to test for the S endorsement instead.

Can I take the F endorsement test if I have traffic violations on my record?

Minor violations such as speeding or a single at-fault accident usually do not disqualify you, but serious violations such as DUI, reckless driving, or multiple at-fault accidents may. Your state's DMV can review your record and tell you whether you are disqualified before you explore. It is worth calling ahead to confirm.

What if I fail the skills test?

You can retake it. Most states allow you to schedule another test within a certain timeframe, usually 14 to 30 days. You will likely have to pay the test fee again. You do not need to retake the written test if you already passed it; your passing score remains valid for a set period, typically one year.

How long is the F endorsement valid?

The F endorsement is valid for the same period as your CDL. Most states issue CDLs that are valid for four or five years, though some states offer shorter or longer terms. Your CDL card will show the expiration date, and your F endorsement expires on that same date.

Can I get an F endorsement if I have a medical condition?

It depends on the condition and your state's medical standards. You must pass a medical examination by a certified medical examiner, and certain conditions may disqualify you. If you have diabetes, heart disease, sleep apnea, or other chronic conditions, discuss them with your doctor and the medical examiner before you explore. Some conditions are manageable with treatment and do not prevent you from getting the endorsement.