What a permit lets you do and what it doesn't

A permit is a document that lets you practice driving before you take your road test for a full license. It is not a license — you cannot drive alone, and you cannot drive at night without restrictions. The rules vary by state, but most permits require you to have a licensed adult in the front passenger seat, limit you to daytime driving or early evening, and restrict highway use.

A permit is a step in the licensing process, not an alternative to a license. You get a permit first, practice for weeks or months, then take a road test. If you pass, you move to a full license. If you do not pass, you keep practicing on your permit until you try again.

The cost of a permit is usually much lower than a full license — often $10 to $30 — because you are not yet a licensed driver. You will pay again when you pass your road test and get your license.

Key Takeaways

  • A permit requires a licensed adult in the front seat with you at all times, and most states restrict you to daytime or early evening driving.
  • You cannot drive alone on a permit, and you cannot drive on highways or interstate roads in most states.
  • A permit is valid for a set period — usually one to three years — and you must pass a road test before that time runs out or you lose it.
  • Insurance companies treat permit holders differently than licensed drivers; some policies cover you, others do not, and some charge extra.
  • If you are suspended or have a DUI, you may not be able to get a permit, and you will need an SR22 form to get one back after your suspension ends.

Age requirements and how they vary by state

Most states let you get a permit at 15 or 16, but some allow it as early as 14. A few states have a minimum age of 17. The state where you live sets the rule, not your age alone. If you move to a different state, you may need to get a new permit that follows that state's rules.

Some states have a graduated licensing system, which means you move through stages: permit first, then a restricted license with some rules lifted, then a full license. Other states skip the middle stage and go straight from permit to full license once you pass your road test. Check your state's DMV website to see which system applies to you.

If you are under 18, your state may require parental consent to get a permit. You will need a parent or guardian to sign your process. Some states also require a parent to be present when you take your written test.

What you need to bring to get a permit

You will need proof of identity, proof of residency, and your Social Security number or tax ID. Acceptable forms of ID include a birth certificate, passport, or state ID card. Proof of residency can be a utility bill, lease, or bank statement with your name and address on it.

If you are under 18, bring a parent or guardian and their ID as well. Some states require the parent to sign the process in person at the DMV. A few states let you explore online or by mail, but most require you to appear in person for your written test.

Bring any documents related to your driving history. If you have been suspended, had a DUI, or have traffic violations in another state, tell the DMV. Hiding this information can result in your permit being denied or revoked later.

The written test and what happens if you fail

The written test covers traffic laws, road signs, and safe driving practices. It is usually 30 to 50 questions, and you need to pass with a score of 70 to 80 percent depending on your state. You can study using your state's DMV handbook, which is free and available online.

If you fail, you can retake the test. Most states let you retake it the same day or within a few days. There is usually a small fee each time you retake it — $5 to $15. You can take the test as many times as you need until you pass.

Some states offer the written test in multiple languages. If English is not your first language, ask the DMV whether your language is available. A few states also offer the test in large print or audio format for people with vision or hearing disabilities.

Insurance for permit drivers

Whether you need insurance on a permit depends on your state and your insurance company. Some states require insurance for any driver, including permit holders. Others do not. Your insurance company's rules may be stricter than your state's rules.

If you are driving a car that is insured, you are usually covered under that policy while you practice. The policy covers the car, not the driver, so as long as the car has active insurance, you can drive it on your permit. However, some insurance companies charge extra for a permit holder or exclude them from coverage.

Call your insurance company before you start driving on your permit. Ask whether you are covered, whether there is an extra cost, and whether there are any restrictions. If the car is not insured, you cannot legally drive it on a permit in most states, even with a licensed adult in the car.

How long a permit lasts and what happens when it expires

A permit is valid for one to three years depending on your state. The expiration date is printed on your permit card. If you do not pass your road test before that date, your permit expires and you have to start over — take the written test again and pay another fee.

Some states let you renew a permit if it is about to expire and you have not yet taken your road test. Renewal is usually cheaper than getting a new permit and does not require you to retake the written test. Check your state's DMV website to see whether renewal is an option.

If your permit expires, you cannot drive legally, even with a licensed adult in the car. You must get a new permit before you can practice again.

Suspension, DUI, and getting a permit after a violation

If you are suspended or have a DUI conviction, you cannot get a permit. Your state's DMV will deny your process. You must wait until your suspension ends before you can explore.

After your suspension ends, you may be required to file an SR22 form — a certificate of financial responsibility — before you can get a permit or license back. An SR22 is not insurance, but your insurance company files it on your behalf. It costs $15 to $50 and tells the state that you have insurance and are financially responsible.

If you had a DUI as a permit holder, the rules are the same as for a licensed driver. You will face a suspension period, and you will need an SR22 to get your permit back. The length of the suspension depends on whether it was your first offense and your state's laws.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can I drive alone on a permit?

No. A permit requires a licensed adult in the front passenger seat at all times. The adult must be at least 18 or 21 depending on your state. Driving alone on a permit is illegal and can result in a fine, suspension, or both.

Can I drive on the highway with a permit?

Most states do not allow permit holders on highways or interstate roads. Some states allow it only with a licensed adult and only during daylight hours. Check your state's DMV website or your permit card for the specific rules.

What time can I drive on a permit?

Most states restrict permit holders to daytime driving or allow driving until 9 or 10 p.m. Some states have no time restriction. The rules are printed on your permit card. Driving outside these hours is illegal and can result in a ticket.

Do I need insurance if I am driving on a permit?

It depends on your state and your insurance company. Some states require insurance for any driver, including permit holders. Others do not. Call your insurance company to ask whether you are covered while driving on a permit and whether there is an extra cost.

What happens if I get a ticket while driving on a permit?

A ticket on a permit goes on your driving record just like a ticket on a license. It can affect your insurance rates and may delay your road test. If you get a serious violation like speeding more than 20 miles over the limit, your permit may be suspended.