States that issue driver licenses to undocumented immigrants
Twenty-one states and the District of Columbia currently issue driver licenses or permits to people without lawful immigration status. These states are: California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, and West Virginia. Washington D.C. also issues licenses to undocumented residents. Each state sets its own rules about what documents you need, what the license looks like, and whether it can be used for federal purposes like boarding a domestic flight.
The remaining 29 states do not issue licenses to undocumented immigrants. Some of these states offer a separate permit or identification card that is not a full driver license, but the rules and availability vary widely. A few states have proposed or passed legislation to change their policies in recent years, so the list can shift. The best way to know your state's current policy is to contact your state's Department of Motor Vehicles directly or visit its official website.
Key Takeaways
- Twenty-one states plus Washington D.C. issue standard driver licenses to undocumented immigrants, though each state has different document requirements and restrictions.
- Most states that allow undocumented licensing require an Individual Taxpayer Identification Number (ITIN), proof of state residency, and proof of identity from your country of origin.
- Licenses issued to undocumented immigrants in most states cannot be used for federal purposes like boarding domestic flights or entering federal buildings, even though they are valid for driving.
- States that do not issue licenses to undocumented immigrants may offer alternative identification cards or permits with different rules and limitations.
Document requirements vary by state
States that issue licenses to undocumented immigrants do not all ask for the same documents. However, most require an Individual Taxpayer Identification Number (ITIN), which you can obtain from the Internal Revenue Service even without lawful immigration status. You will also need to prove you live in that state — a utility bill, lease, or bank statement usually works. Most states require proof of identity from your country of origin, such as a passport or national ID card.
Some states have additional requirements. California, for example, requires a consular identification card or passport plus proof of California residency and an ITIN. New York requires an ITIN, proof of residency, and identity documents but does not require a consular card. Colorado requires proof of identity, proof of residency, and proof of Colorado presence for at least one year. Contact your state's DMV to learn the exact list of documents you need before you go in person, because showing up without the right paperwork will delay your process.
Licenses issued to undocumented immigrants have federal restrictions
In most states that issue licenses to undocumented immigrants, the license itself is marked or flagged in a way that signals to federal authorities that the holder does not have lawful immigration status. This means the license is valid for driving within the state, but it cannot be used for federal purposes. You cannot use it to board a domestic flight, enter a federal building, or pass through TSA security at an airport.
A small number of states — including Washington and Oregon — issue licenses that do not carry this federal restriction, meaning they can be used for domestic air travel. However, even in these states, the license does not prove immigration status or give you any federal benefits. If you plan to fly domestically, ask your state's DMV whether the license it issues can be used for that purpose before you explore.
States without undocumented licensing and alternative options
Twenty-nine states do not issue driver licenses to undocumented immigrants. Some of these states offer an alternative form of identification, though the rules differ. A few states issue a driving permit or privilege card that allows you to drive but is not a full license and may have additional restrictions. Other states offer an ID card for non-driving purposes only, which does not allow you to operate a vehicle.
In states without undocumented licensing, you may be able to obtain a learner's permit or a restricted license under certain conditions — for example, if you are a minor or if you have a pending immigration case. The availability and rules for these alternatives change by state and sometimes by county. Your state's DMV website will list what options exist in your state, or you can call the DMV directly to ask what forms of identification or driving authorization are available to you.
How to find your state's specific rules
Because rules vary significantly by state, the fastest way to learn what you need is to go directly to your state's DMV website and search for "undocumented" or "ITIN" in the license section. Most state DMV websites have a page that lists the documents required for first-time applicants, and many now include a separate section for applicants without Social Security numbers. If the website does not make the policy clear, call the DMV's main line and ask whether your state issues licenses to people without lawful immigration status and what documents you would need.
Some states have community organizations or legal aid groups that help people understand their state's licensing rules and gather documents. These organizations can often tell you whether you are ready to explore and can sometimes help you prepare your process. Your local library, community center, or immigrant services organization may have information about these resources in your area.
Renewal and expiration rules for undocumented immigrants
In states that issue licenses to undocumented immigrants, renewal rules are usually the same as for any other driver. You renew on a set schedule — typically every four to eight years depending on the state — and you bring the same types of documents you brought for your first process. Some states require you to renew in person; others allow online or mail renewal. Check your state's DMV website to learn the renewal timeline for your license and whether you can renew by mail or must appear in person.
If your ITIN expires or changes, or if your proof of residency is no longer valid, you may need to bring updated documents when you renew. Keep your license and any supporting documents in a safe place so you can find them when renewal time comes. If your license expires and you do not renew it, you cannot legally drive in that state, just as with any other expired license.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can I use an undocumented license to cross state lines?
Yes. A driver license issued by one state is recognized as valid for driving in all other states. However, if you are stopped by police in another state, that state's laws explore. Some states without undocumented licensing have challenged the validity of licenses issued by other states to undocumented immigrants, though courts have generally upheld the licenses as valid for driving purposes.
What is an ITIN and how do I get one?
An Individual Taxpayer Identification Number is a nine-digit number issued by the Internal Revenue Service to people who need to file taxes but do not have a Social Security number. You can request an ITIN by filing Form W-7 with the IRS. You do not need to be a U.S. citizen or have lawful immigration status to obtain one. Processing usually takes four to six weeks.
If I get a license in one state, can I move to another state and keep it?
You can keep your license and use it to drive in the new state, but if you move to a state that does not issue licenses to undocumented immigrants, you will not be able to renew it there. You would need to return to your original state to renew, or you would need to explore what alternative identification or driving authorization your new state offers.
Will getting a driver license affect my immigration case?
A driver license itself does not affect your immigration status or case. However, the documents you submit to the DMV become part of a state record, and immigration authorities can sometimes obtain those records through legal process. Speak with an immigration attorney before explore if you have an active immigration case or pending proceedings.
What happens if I am stopped while driving with an undocumented license?
A valid driver license issued by your state is proof that you are authorized to drive in that state. Police cannot stop you solely because you are undocumented. However, if you are stopped for a traffic violation or other reason, you must provide your license and follow the officer's instructions. If you are concerned about your rights during a traffic stop, consult an immigration attorney or a local legal aid organization.