What you need to do to get a driver's permit

A driver's permit (also called a learner's permit or learner's license) lets you practice driving with a licensed adult in the car, but you cannot drive alone. To get one, you visit your state's Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) or equivalent agency, bring required documents, pass a written test on traffic laws, and pay a fee. The whole process usually takes one to three hours on the day you explore, though some states let you schedule an appointment to skip the wait.

The specific documents and fees vary by state, but the basic steps are the same everywhere. You will fill out an process form, show proof of identity and residency, take the written knowledge test, and have your photo taken. Some states require you to pass a vision screening too. Once you pass, you get your permit card on the spot or by mail within a few days.

Key Takeaways

  • You must bring a valid form of ID (passport, birth certificate, or state ID), proof of your address (utility bill or lease), and your Social Security number or ITIN to the DMV.
  • The written test covers traffic signs, right-of-way rules, and safe driving practices; most states let you study the official handbook online for free before you go.
  • Permit fees range from about $10 to $50 depending on your state and how long the permit is valid (usually one to three years).
  • You must be at least 15 or 16 years old in most states, though a few allow permits at 14; check your state's minimum age before you visit the DMV.
  • Once you have your permit, you can only drive with a licensed adult in the front seat, and some states restrict night driving or phone use for permit holders.

Documents to bring to the DMV

Bring original documents, not copies. The DMV will not accept photocopies for proof of identity or address. You need one form of ID that shows your photo and date of birth — a passport, a state ID card, a school ID with your birthdate, or a birth certificate. If you use a birth certificate, bring a second ID with your photo, such as a school ID or library card.

For proof of address, bring a recent utility bill, lease agreement, mortgage statement, or bank statement with your name and current address. The document must be dated within the last 60 days in most states. A piece of mail from a government agency also works. If you live with a parent or guardian and are not on the lease, bring a signed letter from them on their ID, plus their ID, plus a utility bill showing their address.

You will also need your Social Security number or ITIN (Individual Taxpayer Identification Number). If you do not have a Social Security number, some states let you use an ITIN instead; ask the DMV before you go. Bring the card itself or a letter from the Social Security Administration showing your number.

The written knowledge test

The test has 30 to 50 questions depending on your state, and you usually need to score 80 percent or higher to pass. Questions cover traffic signs, right-of-way rules, speed limits, parking, safe following distance, and what to do at traffic lights and stop signs. You answer on a computer or on paper, and you get your score the same day.

Most states publish the official driver's manual online for free, and that manual contains every rule the test covers. Read it before you go to the DMV. Many states also offer free practice tests on their DMV website; take a few of those to see which topics you need to study more. If you fail, you can usually retake the test the same day or within a few days, though you may have to pay a retest fee of $5 to $15.

Age requirements and parental consent

Most states require you to be at least 15 or 16 years old to get a permit. A few states allow permits at 14, and a handful require you to be 17. Check your state's DMV website to confirm the minimum age before you go.

If you are under 18, you will need a parent or legal guardian to sign your process. Bring them with you to the DMV, or bring a signed form they have already completed. Some states let you have a parent sign the form at home and bring it with you; others require the parent to be present. Call your DMV ahead of time to ask which is allowed in your state.

Fees and how long your permit lasts

Permit fees range from about $10 to $50, depending on your state and how long the permit is valid. Most permits last one to three years. Some states charge a flat fee; others charge more if you want a longer permit. A few states offer reduced fees for low-income applicants — ask the DMV whether your state does.

You pay the fee when you explore, usually in cash, check, or debit card. If you fail the written test and retake it, you may have to pay a retest fee of $5 to $15 in addition to the original permit fee. If you lose your permit or it is damaged, replacing it usually costs $5 to $20.

Restrictions that come with your permit

Once you have your permit, you can only drive with a licensed adult in the front seat. In most states, that adult must be at least 21 years old, though a few require them to be 25. You cannot drive alone, and you cannot let anyone else drive the car while you are the only licensed driver present.

Many states also restrict permit holders from driving between midnight and 5 a.m., using a cell phone (even hands-free), or driving on highways. Some states limit how many passengers you can have. Read the back of your permit card or your state's DMV website to see which rules explore to you. Breaking these rules can result in a fine, suspension of your permit, or both.

What happens after you pass

You will receive your permit card either on the spot or by mail within a few days, depending on your state. The card shows your photo, name, date of birth, address, and the date your permit expires. Keep it with you whenever you drive.

Your permit is valid for the length of time printed on it — usually one to three years. During that time, you can practice driving with a licensed adult. When you are ready to take the road test and get your full driver's license, you will schedule a separate appointment at the DMV. Most states require you to hold your permit for at least six months before you can take the road test, though some allow you to test sooner if you are 18 or older.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can I get a permit if I do not have a Social Security number?

Yes. If you have an ITIN (Individual Taxpayer Identification Number) issued by the IRS, you can use that instead. Bring the ITIN card or a letter from the Social Security Administration showing your number. If you have neither, contact your state's DMV to ask what documents they will accept.

What if I fail the written test?

You can retake it the same day or within a few days in most states. You may have to pay a retest fee of $5 to $15. Study the official driver's manual and take practice tests before you try again. Most people pass on the second attempt.

Can my permit be suspended or revoked?

Yes. Breaking permit restrictions — such as driving alone, driving at night, or using a phone — can result in a fine or suspension. A serious traffic violation or accident can also lead to suspension. If your permit is suspended, you cannot drive until the suspension period ends.

Do I need a permit if I am over 18?

Most states still require a permit, even for adults. A few states let people 18 and older skip the permit and go straight to the road test, but you will need to check your state's rules. Contact your DMV to confirm what applies to you.

How much does a permit cost if I am low-income?

Some states offer reduced or waived fees for low-income applicants, but not all do. Call your state's DMV or visit their website to ask whether your state has a fee reduction program and what income level qualifies.